Diabetes mellitus is a chronic medical condition that occurs when the body is unable to properly process blood glucose (sugar), leading to high levels of sugar in the bloodstream. It affects how your body turns food into energy.
Main Types of Diabetes:
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Usually develops in children or young adults.
- The immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Lifelong insulin therapy is required.
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Most common type, usually develops in adults (but also increasing in children).
- The body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough.
- Can often be managed with lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes insulin.
- Gestational Diabetes
- Occurs during pregnancy and usually goes away after birth.
- Increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Symptoms of Diabetes:
- Increased thirst and hunger
- Frequent urination
- Fatigue
- Blurry vision
- Unexplained weight loss (especially in type 1)
- Slow healing of wounds
- Tingling or numbness in hands or feet
Causes and Risk Factors:
- Genetics (family history)
- Obesity
- Poor diet
- Physical inactivity
- Age (higher risk as you get older)
- High blood pressure or cholesterol
- Ethnic background (some groups at higher risk)
Complications (if uncontrolled):
- Heart disease and stroke
- Kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy)
- Vision problems (diabetic retinopathy)
- Nerve damage (neuropathy)
- Foot problems and possible amputations
- Increased risk of infections
Management and Treatment:
- Healthy diet (low in sugar and refined carbs)
- Regular exercise
- Blood sugar monitoring
- Medication or insulin therapy
- Weight control
- Regular medical checkups
Prevention (especially for type 2):
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Eat a balanced, low-sugar diet
- Stay physically active
- Monitor blood sugar if at risk
- Avoid smoking and excess alcohol